THE ANIMAL FILES

Elk

Cervus canadensis

Antlers grow under velvet before the bare bone appears.

Elk grow and shed bony antlers on an annual cycle, change coats seasonally and follow food across landscapes. Many mountain populations move between seasonal ranges. Grazing is important, but browsing also belongs in the diet.[1]

Follow the evidence ↓
Elk
Image: Membeth · Commons · CC0
Velvet over growing bone
Growing antlers have a blood-rich skin covering.[1]
Seasonal ranges
Mountain movements follow changing snow conditions.[1]
Grass and browse
Elk both graze and browse.[1]

Velvet over growing bone

Velvet covers and protects developing bone. Once growth is complete, the skin covering is shed, leaving hard antlers. Later hormonal changes precede antler casting. A dropped antler and a growing velvet antler represent different parts of the annual cycle.[1]

Seasonal ranges

Many mountain populations move towards higher elevations as snow retreats in spring, then return down in autumn. These migrations connect seasonally available habitat and food.[1]

Grass and browse

A four-compartment ruminant stomach processes vegetation. Grasses, sedges and herbs contribute, with bark and shoots also used depending on season. Resting between feeding periods supports digestion, so a resting herd is not necessarily finished with the day's food processing.[1]

A COMMON MIX-UP

Are antlers permanently retained horns?

No. They are bony structures grown and cast on a cycle.[1]

TRY A LITTLE REASONING

Why does spring snow retreat influence a mountain herd's route?

Reveal the explanation

It changes access to higher seasonal habitat and forage, connecting movement with food availability.[1]

Sources & editorial notes

Adapted and translated from the cited Wikipedia revisions, with source-linked reasoning. Image credit and licence are listed separately above.

Adapted and translated from Wikipedia contributors; exact revisions are linked below. CC BY-SA 4.0

  1. Wikipedia contributors — Elk (cited revision)
  2. NCBI Taxonomy — Cervus canadensis

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