THE ANIMAL FILES

Mountain Apollo

Parnassius apollo

Adults visit flowers; caterpillars need a different set of plants.

The mountain Apollo is a pale butterfly marked with dark spots and red or orange hindwing eyespots. Open, flower-rich mountain habitats provide adult nectar, but caterpillar host plants are also essential to completing its lifecycle.[1]

Follow the evidence ↓
Mountain Apollo
Image: Hinox · Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Adult food
Flower nectar[1]
Caterpillar food
Stonecrops and related host plants[1]
Winter stage
Eggs[1]

The red spots are not identical

Hindwing eyespots vary in shape and size with geography and individuals. Older butterflies may show more orange as red colour fades. Wing appearance therefore carries age and regional variation as well as species features.[1]

Two diets in one lifecycle

Adults drink nectar, whereas dark caterpillars with orange-red markings eat host-plant leaves, including stonecrops. A meadow rich in flowers can still lack the plants required by the growing larvae.[1]

From winter egg to ground pupa

Eggs overwinter and hatch in spring. After feeding and growing, the caterpillar pupates near the ground in a loose cocoon. Adults then emerge and begin the flower-visiting stage.[1]

A COMMON MIX-UP

Are plentiful nectar flowers enough for every life stage?

No. Caterpillars require suitable host plants in addition to the flowers used by adults.[1]

TRY A LITTLE REASONING

Why survey both flowers and stonecrops?

Reveal the explanation

They can represent different resources for adults and larvae, allowing the same site to support the whole cycle.[1]

Sources & editorial notes

Adapted and translated from the cited Wikipedia revisions, with source-linked reasoning. Image credit and licence are listed separately above.

Adapted and translated from Wikipedia contributors; exact revisions are linked below. CC BY-SA 4.0

  1. Wikipedia contributors — Mountain Apollo (fixed revision; adapted and translated)
  2. NCBI Taxonomy — Parnassius apollo (identity and classification)

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