THE ANIMAL FILES

European hornet

Vespa crabro

A paper nest starts as chewed plant material.

A European hornet colony builds with local materials rather than carrying a ready-made shelter.[1]

Follow the evidence ↓
European hornet
Image: PiccoloNamek · Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Building a paper shelter
Plant fibres mixed with saliva[1]
Darkness and location
Cavities and nest envelopes[1]
Resources shape the result
Local material affects appearance[1]

Building a paper shelter

Workers chew plant material, including dead bark, into a pulp and combine it with saliva. The resulting material forms comb and an enclosing envelope.[1]

Darkness and location

Nests are associated with dark sites such as hollow trunks. An envelope can surround the comb when the cavity does not provide sufficient darkness.[1]

Resources shape the result

Available fibres, location and the degree of chewing influence the final nest. Workers also change how they obtain food through the season, with scavenging becoming more prominent later in the year.[1]

A COMMON MIX-UP

Is the papery covering made from leaves simply stacked whole?

No. Workers chew plant material and mix it with saliva before constructing the nest. The processing step is part of the explanation.[1]

TRY A LITTLE REASONING

Why might two colonies produce different-looking nests?

Reveal the explanation

Local materials and the available site influence construction. Comparing the surroundings is useful before treating the difference as a fixed trait of the builders.[1]

Sources & editorial notes

Adapted and translated from the cited Wikipedia revisions, with source-linked reasoning. Image credit and licence are listed separately above.

Adapted and translated from Wikipedia contributors; exact revisions are linked below. CC BY-SA 4.0

  1. Wikipedia contributors — European hornet (cited revision)
  2. NCBI Taxonomy — Vespa crabro

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